Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	363066	30885	92424
1997	363055	36162	96990
1998	361292	42646	99153
1999	359722	43363	99577
2000	373344	51493	106876
2001	375232	65539	102606
2002	399007	68449	106362
2003	439416	81930	120682
2004	473558	116981	127215
2005	524695	170961	141415
2006	542539	201036	149289
2007	543943	222943	157611
2008	550578	260862	160294
2009	587814	306710	170896
2010	608743	339704	176088
2011	628804	389697	180700
2012	670919	416228	197515
2013	688442	455666	209859
2014	679190	487514	202385
2015	699051	464158	209395
2016	706511	502078	222959
2017	725464	547249	229321
2018	735118	607183	230806
2019	722768	713556	226623
2020	727579	790577	232571
2021	758974	886996	249665
2022	724534	1028625	241135
2023	714412	1043131	238568

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	352894	30776	86784
1997	352700	36074	91943
1998	348952	42561	93215
1999	344504	43242	92075
2000	356681	51298	98880
2001	356384	65276	94162
2002	378109	68161	97407
2003	402062	81043	103084
2004	432422	116301	109739
2005	467557	170016	119228
2006	477108	199482	125755
2007	469050	221145	129869
2008	473854	258420	130809
2009	503969	303247	139126
2010	520789	335634	142531
2011	537069	384764	147220
2012	553888	409603	153497
2013	564747	447366	160057
2014	569445	478585	162813
2015	578104	454252	169381
2016	586412	491019	173853
2017	597220	535058	178630
2018	610987	593972	183653
2019	614312	698777	188071
2020	631100	772603	196920
2021	654644	867611	210490
2022	624498	1005380	203747
2023	609674	1018423	201255

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	10172	109	5640
1997	10355	88	5047
1998	12340	85	5938
1999	15218	121	7502
2000	16663	195	7996
2001	18848	263	8444
2002	20898	288	8955
2003	37354	887	17598
2004	41136	680	17476
2005	57138	945	22187
2006	65431	1554	23534
2007	74893	1798	27742
2008	76724	2442	29485
2009	83845	3463	31770
2010	87954	4070	33557
2011	91735	4933	33480
2012	117031	6625	44018
2013	123695	8300	49802
2014	109745	8929	39572
2015	120947	9906	40014
2016	120099	11059	49106
2017	128244	12191	50691
2018	124131	13211	47153
2019	108456	14779	38552
2020	96479	17974	35651
2021	104330	19385	39175
2022	100036	23245	37388
2023	104738	24708	37313

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	305694	19211	79418
1997	310536	23543	83303
1998	312091	27584	85430
1999	314734	30346	86786
2000	327873	37493	93424
2001	331388	46897	89968
2002	349619	52602	93269
2003	379976	63908	103735
2004	405100	91176	109670
2005	436427	127770	118293
2006	450089	151805	125643
2007	450069	171523	132174
2008	459488	200689	134816
2009	491088	233612	143475
2010	509037	258314	148479
2011	525484	290634	152466
2012	555753	316979	164474
2013	568687	349999	173158
2014	570124	381324	170315
2015	582351	392979	176745
2016	590884	428373	184822
2017	603138	470409	189694
2018	611517	523108	191648
2019	601025	607712	190545
2020	609773	663810	197016
2021	602550	707677	201407
2022	491856	724584	169582
2023	238563	362576	87784

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	57372	11674	13006
1997	52519	12619	13687
1998	49201	15062	13723
1999	44988	13017	12791
2000	45471	14000	13452
2001	43844	18642	12638
2002	49388	15847	13093
2003	59440	18022	16947
2004	68458	25805	17545
2005	88268	43191	23122
2006	92450	49231	23646
2007	93874	51420	25437
2008	91090	60173	25478
2009	96726	73098	27421
2010	99706	81390	27609
2011	103320	99063	28234
2012	115166	99249	33041
2013	119755	105667	36701
2014	109066	106190	32070
2015	116700	71179	32650
2016	115627	73705	38137
2017	122326	76840	39627
2018	123601	84075	39158
2019	121743	105844	36078
2020	117806	126767	35555
2021	156424	179319	48258
2022	232678	304041	71553
2023	475849	680555	150784

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	15977965	322582	3414712
1997	16663090	401657	3818434
1998	17849932	470804	4111095
1999	18300233	570011	4302676
2000	20693606	740482	5153126
2001	20969555	934598	4826245
2002	21807956	1176251	5231449
2003	23176757	1556692	5699952
2004	24056454	2104164	6022281
2005	24319140	2660475	6261763
2006	24132012	3136600	6411346
2007	23509932	3717843	6609444
2008	23388247	4376907	6467947
2009	23904147	5133600	6798377
2010	23828177	5794781	6664758
2011	23161631	6476729	6507333
2012	22574881	7325950	6530762
2013	21548210	8231150	6523276
2014	20584715	9133353	6255283
2015	19856656	10002760	6234014
2016	18357410	10286824	5939169
2017	17196287	11242655	5620889
2018	15285806	11912709	5076627
2019	12701106	12114157	4347166
2020	10890303	11769091	3968912
2021	6936127	8308936	2686278
2022	3014380	4879683	1208190
2023	654637	1094503	272435

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8910844	186529	2686285
1997	9305668	234510	3015655
1998	10043632	259818	3260067
1999	10331730	308052	3422276
2000	11934480	380696	4132431
2001	12098896	471471	3852906
2002	12598330	587640	4189875
2003	13476628	785943	4561758
2004	14060106	1040465	4821052
2005	14210281	1276276	5009845
2006	14105335	1487056	5094784
2007	13764998	1747014	5265047
2008	13762488	2077640	5139842
2009	14046331	2427376	5410633
2010	14112305	2690548	5291207
2011	13730008	2938275	5141908
2012	13371435	3257195	5150775
2013	12783562	3565682	5130973
2014	12326035	3827313	4946331
2015	12036716	4083770	4941977
2016	11257875	4056004	4717070
2017	10720591	4301995	4490949
2018	9596008	4331209	4056038
2019	8023152	4273893	3475091
2020	6962771	4436499	3192225
2021	4372048	2610764	2137495
2022	1858552	1404764	950364
2023	383784	325717	206159

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	7067121	136053	728427
1997	7357422	167147	802779
1998	7806300	210986	851028
1999	7968503	261959	880400
2000	8759126	359786	1020695
2001	8870659	463127	973339
2002	9209626	588611	1041574
2003	9700129	770749	1138194
2004	9996348	1063699	1201229
2005	10108859	1384199	1251918
2006	10026677	1649544	1316562
2007	9744934	1970829	1344397
2008	9625759	2299267	1328105
2009	9857816	2706224	1387744
2010	9715872	3104233	1373551
2011	9431623	3538454	1365425
2012	9203446	4068755	1379987
2013	8764648	4665468	1392303
2014	8258680	5306040	1308952
2015	7819940	5918990	1292037
2016	7099535	6230820	1222099
2017	6475696	6940660	1129940
2018	5689798	7581500	1020589
2019	4677954	7840264	872075
2020	3927532	7332592	776687
2021	2564079	5698172	548783
2022	1155828	3474919	257826
2023	270853	768786	66276

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	18.71	17.31	26.60
1997	17.12	16.90	26.30
1998	18.67	15.89	27.54
1999	18.00	15.91	26.85
2000	18.66	16.36	27.18
2001	18.15	13.47	27.44
2002	19.16	16.14	29.28
2003	22.16	18.63	33.38
2004	22.97	16.44	35.33
2005	23.48	13.83	36.13
2006	24.40	14.00	36.53
2007	26.01	14.44	37.61
2008	27.78	14.54	39.70
2009	25.97	14.32	39.62
2010	26.06	14.76	40.27
2011	26.90	14.85	41.57
2012	27.51	15.62	41.78
2013	28.57	16.67	43.02
2014	30.26	17.55	46.38
2015	31.20	20.75	48.71
2016	32.59	21.54	48.99
2017	33.22	22.30	50.47
2018	34.52	23.18	52.93
2019	36.06	22.69	55.85
2020	37.53	22.52	58.60
2021	37.46	20.92	59.93
2022	38.51	19.45	61.32
2023	37.89	18.80	61.97

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	21.92	15.49	21.10
1997	23.35	15.72	22.87
1998	24.25	16.93	24.39
1999	24.83	17.84	25.14
2000	24.85	17.96	25.67
2001	25.20	18.55	27.13
2002	25.61	19.16	28.17
2003	26.43	21.23	28.30
2004	27.16	22.46	29.94
2005	26.91	21.66	29.68
2006	27.64	20.61	30.31
2007	29.49	20.45	31.41
2008	33.54	21.46	33.20
2009	36.30	21.12	35.01
2010	36.96	19.87	35.85
2011	38.60	20.87	38.02
2012	39.15	23.41	37.89
2013	40.19	26.72	40.67
2014	43.08	28.14	48.97
2015	45.31	33.77	55.38
2016	47.01	34.51	61.09
2017	47.55	37.07	64.97
2018	49.87	38.51	67.46
2019	51.89	40.60	69.95
2020	56.27	44.02	73.43
2021	57.82	45.11	74.08
2022	56.38	45.56	72.18
2023	49.81	42.23	68.34